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The joy of learning through play

Learning doesn’t have to be serious to be effective. In fact, some of the most impactful lessons come when we’re having fun! Games, experiments, and creative challenges make it easier to grasp complex ideas and keep our curiosity alive. When we approach learning with a sense of play, the process becomes exciting, enjoyable, and memorable, making it easier to build lasting knowledge and skills.

At PARAM Science Centre, we embrace the power of play as a core philosophy. From solving intricate puzzles to building models that mimic real-world structures, every activity is crafted to ignite curiosity and spark joy. Our approach ensures that learners of all ages feel inspired to participate, explore, and innovate, breaking free from traditional classroom boundaries.

Our interactive exhibits and hands-on workshops are designed to connect people with science in a meaningful way. Whether it’s experimenting with physics through playful gadgets or discovering chemistry through colorful reactions, each experience is tailored to encourage exploration and creativity. It’s a space where science feels accessible, relatable, and downright fun!

But it’s not just about fun—it’s about creating an environment where anyone, regardless of age or background, can feel empowered to ask questions and seek answers. When science is presented in an engaging and playful manner, it transforms from a subject to a lifelong passion.

Because when learning feels like play, the possibilities truly become endless. At PARAM Science Centre, we believe in sparking ideas that light the way to new discoveries. Come join us and experience firsthand how we’re transforming learning into an adventure for everyone!

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ISRO’s XPoSat Mission: Exploring the Mysteries of Space

In a momentous leap for space exploration, India’s esteemed space agency, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), embarked on a pioneering venture with the X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) launch on January 1, 2024. This historic event marks India’s debut in dedicated satellite missions for space-based polarisation measurements. It elevates the nation to the global forefront as only the second in the world to undertake such a celestial expedition. Riding atop the 60th iteration of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the fourth PSLV-DL variant, XPoSat commenced its cosmic odyssey, carrying aboard two groundbreaking payloads: POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) crafted by the esteemed Raman Research Institute and XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing) developed by the innovative Space Astronomy Group of URSC.

Importance of the mission

The XPoSat mission heralds a transformative era in cosmic exploration, primarily focusing on studying the enigmatic realm of X-rays emanating from celestial phenomena ranging from black holes to neutron stars and magnetars.

But why study X-rays, and what can they tell us about the universe? X-rays are not visible to the human eye but reveal a wealth of information about the high-energy processes occurring in space. By analysing X-rays, scientists can peer into the heart of black holes, decipher the magnetic fields of neutron stars, and unravel the mysteries of cosmic explosions.

The XPoSat mission has two cutting-edge instruments: POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) and XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing). These instruments act as our eyes and ears in space, capturing and analysing X-rays from distant celestial objects.

Payloads

image credits: ISRO

POLIX is like a cosmic compass, measuring the orientation of X-ray light waves emitted by celestial sources. Scientists can uncover the underlying physics of black holes, neutron stars, and other cosmic entities by studying polarisation. Imagine trying to understand a puzzle by examining the shape of its pieces; polarisation allows scientists to piece together the mysteries of the universe.

Meanwhile, XSPECT serves as a cosmic spectrograph, dissecting the spectrum and timing of X-ray emissions. Just as a prism breaks white light into its constituent colours, XSPECT breaks down X-rays to reveal their temperature, composition, and other properties. This information provides vital clues about the processes driving the universe’s most energetic phenomena.

Mission objectives

Understanding the magnetic fields of cosmic X-ray sources: Magnetic fields play a crucial role in shaping the cosmos, influencing everything from star formation to the behaviour of black holes. By measuring the polarisation of X-rays, scientists can map out the distribution and geometry of these magnetic fields, shedding light on the cosmic forces at play.

Exploring the secrets of neutron stars: Neutron stars are the densest objects in the universe, packing the mass of a star into a city-sized sphere. XSPECT will study the magnetic fields of these exotic objects, revealing insights into their structure and behaviour. By understanding neutron stars, scientists can unlock the secrets of matter under extreme conditions.

Shedding light on black hole binaries: Black holes are cosmic behemoths with strong gravitational pulls that not even light can escape. When black holes exist in pairs, they form binary systems that emit powerful X-rays. XPoSat aims to unravel the mysteries of these binary systems, providing valuable insights into the nature of black holes and their cosmic dance.

Investigating the origins of X-rays: X-rays can originate from various sources, from the magnetic poles of neutron stars to the outer regions of pulsar magnetospheres. By studying the properties of X-ray emissions, XPoSat will help scientists pinpoint the origins of these enigmatic rays, illuminating the processes driving cosmic phenomena.

Decoding the mysteries of supernova remnants: Supernovae are explosive events that mark the deaths of massive stars. In the aftermath, supernova remnants emit X-rays with clues to their origins. XSPECT will distinguish between different mechanisms of X-ray production, helping scientists understand the aftermath of these cosmic explosions.

In essence, the XPoSat mission represents a quest for knowledge on a cosmic scale. By harnessing the power of X-rays, scientists aim to unlock the secrets of the universe, from the depths of black holes to the heart of neutron stars.

As XPoSat embarks on its journey through the cosmos, we stand on the brink of a new era of discovery. With each beam of X-ray light captured by its instruments, we edge closer to unravelling the mysteries of space and unlocking the universe’s secrets. The journey may be extended and challenging, but the rewards are boundless. In the darkness of space, XPoSat shines as a beacon of human curiosity and exploration, guiding us toward a deeper understanding of the cosmos and our place within it.

Stay tuned for more such Param Science Blogs.

 

References:

https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLV_C58_XPoSat_Mission.html#:~:text=ISRO’s%20PSLV%2DC58%20has%20launched,Orbital%20Platform%20(OP)%20experiments.

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Making Your New Year Goals Stick with a Psychological Twist

 

The New Year has begun! A new start brings new hope, as many believe. The New Year has always been a time for setting resolutions. It is said that the ancient Babylonians were the first to make New Year’s resolutions, about 4,000 years ago. This practice has continued over the years, though the types of resolutions might vary.

During a massive 12-day religious festival known as Akitu, the Babylonians crowned a new king or reaffirmed their loyalty to the reigning king. They also made promises to the gods to pay their debts and return any objects they had borrowed. These promises could be considered the forerunners of our New Year’s resolutions. If the Babylonians kept their word, their (pagan) gods would bestow favour on them for the coming year. If not, they would fall out of the gods’ favour—a place no one wanted to be.

It is found that New Year’s Eve acts like a reset button for many to have a fresh start. But why doesn’t the reset seem to be permanent? The new hope and enthusiasm for the goals fade away within 2 to 3 months for the majority. What might be the reason for it? How can we ensure that resolutions and goals don’t fade away, but instead, we reach them?

Come, let’s explore what psychologists say about making successful goals and resolutions.

Resolutions and Goals

Resolutions are typically promises one makes to oneself, often lacking specificity and a concrete plan. On the other hand, goals are more time-bound and specific with a plan.

A writer might have the resolution, “I will write more often to improve my writing skills,” while the goal would be, “I will write 500 words every day for the next 3 months.”

Similarly, a sports person might set a resolution, “I will get in better shape to enhance my performance,” while the goal would be, “I will train for 2 hours every day and run 5 miles at least 3 times a week for the next 6 months.”

Each new year, as we set new resolutions, let’s discuss what works better: resolutions or goals.

It is found that goals are more effective in achieving success than resolutions since they are more specific and planned with a time-bound approach.

But are all goals achievable? What makes goals more achievable? Why do some goals just fade away like resolutions, even though they are more effective?

Effective Goals

Research has found that goals framed as implementation intentions are more likely to be effective. But what is this implementation intention?

An implementation intention is like a plan you make with yourself to do certain things at specific times or in specific situations. It’s like setting an alarm in your mind that says, “When this happens, I’ll do this.”

Let’s compare resolutions, goals, and implementation intentions for an aspiring author and sportsperson:

Author:

Resolution: “I will write more often to improve my writing skills.”

Goal: “I will write 500 words every day for the next 3 months.”

Implementation Intention: “If it is 9 am and I’ve just finished my breakfast, then I will sit down at my desk and write for one hour.”

Sports Person:

Resolution: “I will get in better shape to enhance my performance.”

Goal: “I will train for 2 hours every day and run 5 miles at least 3 times a week for the next 6 months.”

Implementation Intention: “If it is 6 pm and I’ve just come back from work, then I will change into my workout clothes and train for 2 hours at the gym.”

It is found that intentions have a special status in our memory. They are more easily remembered and accessed compared to other types of information. This is because they are specific and linked to cues and are also more accessible in our memory.

It has also been found that implementation intentions in the form of “if-then” statements work much more effectively.

Science Behind Implementation Intentions

Implementation intentions work by leveraging our brain’s associative learning process. When you create an “if-then” plan, your brain starts to associate the “if” part (the situation) with the “then” part (the action). This association is stored in your memory.

So, when the “if” situation happens, your brain automatically triggers the “then” action. It’s like your brain is on autopilot, automatically telling you what to do when the situation happens.

This process is based on the way our brains learn through association. Just like how you might associate the smell of fresh coffee with the start of a new day, your brain can learn to associate specific situations with specific actions.

This is why implementation intentions can help you stick to your goals. They make the action almost automatic, so you’re more likely to do it.

Research by psychologist Peter Gollwitzer and others has shown that implementation intentions can lead to better goal attainment. They found that making an “if-then” plan can help you overcome common problems like forgetting to act or getting distracted.

So, this New Year set your goals in an “if-then” format and watch as they become achievements rather than fading away. Trick your brain to succeed in your goals.

 Stay tuned for more such Param Science Blogs.

References:

  1. The History of New Year’s Resolutions | HISTORY
  2. The Psychology Behind New Year’s Resolutions That Work | Psychology Today
  3. achtziger_bayer_goll_2012.pdf (uni-konstanz.de)
  4. 8 Reasons We Really Do Need to Make Resolutions | Psychology Today
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Ancient Roots, Modern Wings: A Calendar of Scientific Celebrations

It is rightly said, ‘Roots and wings form the foundation of our ethics: our roots remind us where we come from, while our wings give us the freedom to explore where we can go.’ As we welcome the new year, let us celebrate Earth completing another revolution around the sun. With time ticking, let’s take a moment to reflect on our roots.

Each month of the year marks a day dedicated to science and technology, celebrated and observed worldwide! We are excited to introduce you to the scientists of ancient India who have made significant contributions to these fields.

Happy exploring your roots!


Meaning: Without agriculture, all living beings perish.
Therefore, one should engage in agriculture diligently, leading to prosperity.

On January 15th, we commemorate Makara Sankranti, a festival celebrating the onset of the harvest season and the Sun’s journey into Makara or Capricorn.

Varahamihira, a renowned Indian mathematician and astronomer, made remarkable contributions to various fields, including agriculture. Within his work, the Brihat Samhita, you can find several intriguing chapters dedicated to different aspects of agriculture. These include Chapter 54 – Delving into Agriculture (Krishi-vikalpa), Chapter 55 – Exploring Vrikshayurveda (The Science of Plant Life), Chapter 56 – Unveiling the Nature of Soil (Bhumi-lakshana), and Chapter 57 – Nurturing Gardens (Udyanika).

Furthermore, Varahamihira’s Brihat Samhita delves into various organic manures, such as cow dung, ashes, oil cakes, bone meal, and compost. These manures were believed to be beneficial for different types of soils and crops.

Intriguingly, Varahamihira’s work offers a comprehensive glimpse into ancient Indian agricultural practices and wisdom. His enduring contributions remain pertinent today, providing valuable insights into sustainable farming and gardening techniques.

Meaning: Similar to the plumage on the head of a peacock or gem/jewel on the head of a serpent, the subject mathematics occupies the highest prominent place at the top among all the Vedanga shastras.

February 11th marks the observance of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, a day dedicated to advancing the cause of ensuring women have complete and equitable access to and participation in the realms of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM).

Lilavati stands as one of India’s earliest distinguished women mathematicians, notable not only for her mathematical prowess but also for being the daughter of Bhaskaracharya. The shloka mentioned above underscores the significance of mathematics in ancient India.

Meaning: The value of Pi up to 32 decimals: π = 3.1415926535897932384626433832792…

On March 3rd, we commemorate Pi Day, an annual celebration dedicated to the mathematical constant π. Pi Day is officially observed on March 14, chosen because the first three significant figures of π are 3, 1, and 4.

Baudhayana, who lived between 800 BC and 740 BC, is credited as the original mathematician behind the Pythagoras theorem. He is also recognized as one of the earliest individuals to approximate the value of ‘pi,’ with references to this in his Sulbha sutras. According to Baudhayana’s calculations, the approximate value of pi is 3.

Remarkably, Baudhayana’s Sulbasutra contains several instances of pi values since he used different approximations when constructing circular shapes for various purposes. Interestingly, some of these approximations are remarkably close to the modern-day value of pi, demonstrating their relevance in constructing altars and other structures of the time.

Meaning: The science which deals with or describes the favourable or unfavourable happy or unhappy measures for a span of life. What is conductive or non-conductive for such a life span, is known as Ayurveda.

April 7th is World Health Day, an annual occasion focused on raising awareness about a significant public health concern each year.

Charaka emerges as a prominent figure in the realm of Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine and holistic living originating from India. He stands out as a renowned physician and the editor of the medical treatise called Charaka Samhita. This work holds a pivotal place as one of the fundamental texts in classical Indian medicine and Ayurveda, forming an integral part of the Brhat-Trayi collection.

Meaning: To express any experience, feeling, or emotion, the appropriate chandas have to be chosen with great care, because each metre has its own mood and movement. While using a particular metre, says Kshemendra in his Suvrttatilaka, “One has to see the rasa, the mood, the nature of description and the context.”

On May 17th, we commemorate World Telecommunication and Information Society Day (WTISD), an annual occasion dedicated to global awareness of the transformative potential that the Internet and information and communication technology (ICT) hold for society and the economy.

Acharya Pingala, an ancient Indian poet and mathematician, stands as the author of Chandaḥśāstra, also known as the Pingala-sutras, which is recognized as the earliest known treatise on Sanskrit prosody.

Pingala’s Chandasutra serves as a foundational work in the realm of Sanskrit prosody, focusing on the study of poetic metres. It introduced innovative combinatorial tools referred to as Pratyayas, which were utilised to explore the various potential metres in Sanskrit prosody.

Remarkably, in Pingala’s Chandasutra, the diverse metres and rhythms represent distinct methods of encoding information within a poetic structure. This concept draws an intriguing parallel to modern telecommunication systems, which employ various protocols and data formats to encode and transmit information.

Meaning: The eight steps of Yoga are; the codes of self-regulation (Yama), practices of self-training (Niyama), postures (Asana), expansion of breath and prāṇa (Prāṇāyāma), withdrawal of the senses (Pratyāhāra), concentration (Dhāraṇā), meditation (Dhyana), and perfected concentration (Samādhi).

Every June 21st, we commemorate Yoga Day, an occasion dedicated to raising awareness about the numerous benefits of yoga and meditation.

Patanjali, an esteemed sage from India, is credited with the authorship of several Sanskrit works, with the most notable among them being the Yoga Sutras. This classical text on yoga is believed to date back to the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE.

While references to yoga within Hindu scriptures had existed for a long time, they were often diverse and intricate, making them challenging for the general public to grasp. Consequently, Patanjali is renowned for creating the Yoga Sutras, which served as a means of consolidating pre-existing teachings into a more accessible and comprehensible format.

Meaning: Example of the reduction of fractions to a common denominator:

One-fifth of a swarm of bees flew towards a lotus flower, one-third towards a banana tree. (A number equal to) three times the difference between the two (preceding figures), O my beauty with the eyes of a gazelle, flew towards a Codaga tree (whose bitter bark provides a substitute for quinine). Finally, one other bee, undecided, flew hither and thither equally attracted by the delicious perfume of the jasmine and the pandanus. Tell me, O charming one, how many bees were there?

 

On July 11th, we commemorate World Population Day, an occasion dedicated to fostering awareness about global population-related concerns.

Bhaskaracharya, a prominent figure from the 12th century, shines as a luminary in the field of mathematics. He was born in Bijapur, Karnataka, and is renowned for his significant work, “Siddanta Shiromani.” This remarkable treatise is divided into four distinct sections: Lilavati (Arithmetic), Beejaganit (Algebra), Goladhyaya (Sphere), and Grahaganit (mathematics of planets). Bhaskara introduced the Chakrawat Method, also known as the Cyclic Method, as an innovative approach to solve algebraic equations.

Notably, Bhaskaracharya’s contributions, especially in his book “Lilavati,” encompass extensive numerical techniques and methods of multiplication. This can be viewed as an early precursor to our modern understanding of arithmetic sequences, which can be applied to model linear growth, including the straightforward representation of population growth.

Meaning: Lovely, easy to understand, and universally agreeable to the mind.

Elegant, beloved, and enjoyable, the sweet speech of the Sanskrit language is neither obscure or difficult.

 On August 19th, we commemorate World Sanskrit Day, an occasion aimed at promoting the significance of the Sanskrit language.

Pāṇini, an eminent figure in ancient India, was a logician, Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and highly respected scholar, with his birthdate estimated to be between the 6th and 4th century BCE. Pāṇini is renowned for his magnum opus, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, a sutra-style treatise on Sanskrit grammar consisting of 3,996 verses or rules covering linguistics, syntax, and semantics. This work serves as the foundational text of the Vyākaraṇa branch within the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of the Vedic era. His concise text garnered numerous bhashya (commentaries), with Patanjali’s Mahābhāṣya being the most famous among them.

Pāṇini is often hailed as the “first descriptive linguist” and is even accorded the title of “the father of linguistics.”

Meaning: The physician who possesses the fourfold accomplishments consisting of theoretical knowledge, clear interpretation, right application, and practical experience is to be regarded as the reclaimer of life.

Every September 14th, we commemorate World First Aid Day, an occasion designed to enlighten individuals about the crucial significance of first aid in addressing medical emergencies and motivating them to take action when such situations arise.

Sushruta, who thrived around the 6th century BCE, stands out as an ancient Indian surgeon celebrated for his groundbreaking surgical procedures and techniques. He is also renowned for his influential treatise, the Sushruta-Samhita, which serves as the primary source of knowledge concerning surgery in ancient India.

Meaning: The moon is of water, the sun is of fire, the earth is of soil, and its shadow is of darkness.

The moon covers the sun and the great shadow of the earth covers the moon.

From October 4th to 10th, we celebrate World Space Week, a period dedicated to honouring the invaluable contributions of space science and technology toward improving the human condition.

Aryabhatta, a prominent figure from the fifth century, excelled in multiple fields, including mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and physics. He was a trailblazer in the realm of mathematics and accomplished a remarkable feat at the age of 23 by composing the Aryabhatiya, a comprehensive summary of the mathematics of his era.

Challenging the prevailing belief that our planet, Earth, was “Achala” or immovable, Aryabhatta presented his groundbreaking theory that “Earth is round and rotates on its own axis.” He supported this assertion by offering compelling examples, including the phenomenon of trees on the shore appearing to move in the opposite direction when observed from a boat in motion. Additionally, he accurately explained that the moon and planets emitted light due to sunlight reflection. Aryabhatta even provided a scientific rationale for solar and lunar eclipses, dispelling the notion that they were caused by Rahhu, Ketu, or other mythical demons.

Meaning: Numbers, Magnitudes, Separateness, Conjunction, and Disjunction, Priority, and Posteriority, and Action become objects of visual perception, through their combination with Substances possessing colour.

On November 10th, we commemorate World Science Day, an occasion dedicated to emphasise the crucial role of science in society and promoting the active involvement of the broader public in discussions about emerging scientific matters.

Kanad, a scientist hailing from the sixth century and associated with the Vaisheshika School, one of the six systems of Indian philosophy, holds a fascinating history. Originally known as Aulukya, he earned the name Kanad because of his childhood fascination with exceedingly tiny particles referred to as “kana.” Remarkably, his atomic theory presents a striking parallel to modern atomic theories. According to Kanad, the material universe comprises “kanas,” which are akin to atoms, and they are so minuscule that they cannot be perceived by any human sensory organ. These “kanas” are indivisible and indestructible, aligning with the fundamental tenets of contemporary atomic theory.

Meaning: All the extant things in three worlds can’t exist without their foundation being in mathematics.

On December 22nd, we observe National Mathematics Day, a day dedicated to commemorating the birth anniversary of the renowned Indian mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan.

Within Jain literature, spanning from 500 B.C. to 100 B.C., there exists an extensive exploration of mathematics. Jain gurus demonstrated their knowledge by solving quadratic equations and provided captivating descriptions of various mathematical concepts, including fractions, algebraic equations, series, set theory, logarithms, and exponents. Of notable significance, Jain Guru Mahaviracharya authored “Ganit Sara Sangraha” in 850 A.D., representing the earliest textbook on arithmetic in a form recognizable today. He also introduced the method for determining the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of given numbers, a technique that continues to be used.

As we journey through the months of the year, celebrating the intersection of science, mathematics, and our cultural heritage, we are reminded of the profound wisdom and contributions of ancient Indian scholars. These luminaries paved the way for the scientific advancements and mathematical marvels that continue to shape our world today.

In the spirit of honouring our roots and embracing the boundless possibilities of our wings, let us continue to explore, discover, and innovate. May the knowledge and inspiration drawn from these remarkable individuals serve as a guiding light, propelling us forward into a future filled with endless opportunities for exploration and growth.

So, as we welcome each new month and the unique celebrations it brings, let us also celebrate the enduring legacy of knowledge, curiosity, and discovery that transcends time and borders. Happy exploring your roots and soaring with your wings in the realm of science and beyond! Happy New Year!

Stay tuned for more such PARAM SCIENCE BLOGS

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Tripping with Math: A Journey of Wonders

Hey there, readers! Guess what time it is? It’s trip time! Right now, I’m breaking free from the daily grind, and embarking on an adventure. The thrill of this journey is bubbling up inside me, and I’m hoping you’re feeling just as excited as I am. So, let’s dive right in, get ready, and set off on this journey together!

Geometric Packing for Suitcases

Right now, as I am carefully packing my suitcase, I just noticed that I am thinking of geometric shapes to make my packing efficient. It’s incredible how mathematics seamlessly integrates into our daily tasks. When you’re about to set off on a journey, having a strategic packing plan is vital. That’s where the beauty of geometric packing comes in.

I’m methodically arranging my items, using geometric principles to maximise every inch of space in my suitcase. It’s like I’m solving a live puzzle, starting with the larger, regularly shaped items to form a stable base. These items are the foundation of my packing strategy. Then, I’m filling in the smaller gaps with smaller items, ensuring an efficient and puzzle-like fit.

It’s fascinating how mathematics transforms a mundane activity like packing into a strategic game. With this geometric method, I’m ready for a successful trip with a perfectly organised suitcase.

Knot Theory in Shoelace Tying

Having just finished packing and getting ready to step out, I’m now bending down to tie my shoelaces. It strikes me how even this simple action is deeply rooted in mathematics, particularly knot theory.

As I’m tying my shoelaces, I realise the intricate connection to mathematics. There are two main types of shoelace knots: the reef knot and the granny knot. The reef knot, with its opposite-handed half-hitches, is symmetrical, lies flat, and is stable due to tightening forces. In contrast, the granny knot is asymmetrical, prone to twisting, and less stable. So, as I secure my shoes with a reef knot, I’m applying a little mathematical trick to prevent any trips or stumbles along the way.

Taxicab Number 1729

With my suitcase packed and my shoelaces securely tied, I’m ready to set off. As I book my taxi, I glance at my phone and notice the famous taxicab number 1729 popping up. It’s not just any number; it’s a mathematical wonder.

Taxicab numbers, or Hardy-Ramanujan numbers, are unique mathematical entities. They represent the smallest integer expressible as the sum of two positive integer cubes in n distinct ways. The number 1729 is a famous example, known as the Hardy-Ramanujan number, represented in forms like 1³ + 12³ and 9³ + 10³. While it doesn’t directly help me hail a cab, it’s a reminder of the intriguing mathematical elements in our everyday lives.

With my belongings packed, my shoelaces tied using mathematical precision, and a fresh appreciation for the mathematics around us, I’m embarking on my journey, eager to discover more mathematical marvels.

Perfectly Centred Selfies with the Golden ratio

Now, as I stand in this breathtaking destination, I can’t help but capture the moment with some stunning selfies. But what makes a selfie truly captivating? The secret lies in mathematics, particularly the golden ratio.

I’m using the golden ratio to compose my selfies right now. This mathematical principle is key to achieving aesthetically pleasing and balanced compositions. I’m applying techniques like the Rule of Thirds and the Phi Grid, both rooted in the golden ratio.

The Rule of Thirds involves dividing the frame into nine equal parts and positioning key elements at the intersections or along the lines. This adds interest and balance to the photo, making it more visually appealing. The Phi Grid, a variation of the Rule of Thirds, aligns elements according to the golden ratio, leading to more nuanced and captivating compositions. So, as I snap these selfies, they’re not just pictures; they’re artistic expressions, perfectly centred and wonderfully balanced.

Statistics in Social Media Posting

As I start my journey back home, I’m pondering how mathematics impacts our social media experiences. Posting updates isn’t just about sharing moments; it’s about engaging your audience effectively, and statistics play a huge role in this.

When I decide to share my trip updates, I’m strategizing for maximum engagement. This involves analysing data like views, likes, and shares from my previous posts. By studying these statistics, I’m gaining insights into what my audience enjoys and what might not be as effective.

Armed with this knowledge, I’m tailoring my future content to maximise engagement. Whether choosing the right time to post, crafting compelling captions, or selecting appealing images, statistics are crucial in ensuring my social media updates are well-received.

As my adventure comes to an end, and I begin my journey back, I realise that mathematics is not just an academic subject. It’s a vital part of our daily lives, whether in optimising packing, securing shoelaces, enhancing selfie artistry, or boosting online community engagement. Mathematics is everywhere, subtly shaping our world in often overlooked ways.

In conclusion, on this special day, as we celebrate Mathematics Day on the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan on December 22nd, I invite you all to recognize and appreciate the mathematical marvels around us. As you go about your day, remember that mathematics isn’t confined to textbooks; it’s an integral part of our lives, always ready to assist us in unexpected ways. Happy Mathematics Day, and may your journey be filled with delightful mathematical discoveries and unending fascination!

As we close this chapter of my journey, a new and exciting one awaits us at the PARAM Centre. We will be sharing more from this vibrant world of science and mathematics in our upcoming blogs. So, stay tuned for these upcoming explorations!

References:

  1. https://news.mit.edu/2020/model-how-strong-knot-0102
  2. https://ahitagnis.medium.com/the-legend-of-the-taxi-cab-number-and-unknown-facts-about-it-8e4f8db6c8c0#:~:text=On%20the%20day%20of%20Ramanujan’s,being%20late%20at%20the%20port.
  3. https://www.photoworkout.com/golden-ratio-photography/
  4. https://buffer.com/library/learn-social-media-analytics
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Mountain Trails: Adventure, Views, and Secrets Revealed

“Conquering a mountain is really about conquering ourselves,” famously uttered by Sir Edmund Hillary, the legendary New Zealander who knew a thing or two about towering peaks. Mountains, in all their awe-inspiring glory, aren’t just visual feasts for trekkers, hikers, and nature aficionados; they’re vibrant ecosystems teeming with diverse flora and fauna.

As we ascend these giants, we don’t just climb rocks; we immerse ourselves in a world of astonishing biodiversity. In celebration of International Mountain Day, let’s strap on our boots and embark on an enlightening journey. We’ll traverse the fascinating science of mountain climbing, discover breathtaking destinations, and unlock the secrets behind these magnificent natural wonders.

Ready for an adventure of a lifetime? Let’s hit the trails and start exploring! 

The Thrill and Skill of Mountain Mastery!

Conquering a mountain is an epic feat, more than just a walk in the park. It’s an adventure that demands a unique blend of skills, savvy use of equipment, and a good grasp of the hidden science that underpins it all. The two pillars of mountaineering are hiking and rock climbing – each a thrilling journey in its own right.

Rock Climbing: Where Adventure Meets Physics!

Imagine rock climbing as a thrilling exam in physics! Every rock you grip, every path you choose, is a decision steeped in understanding the physics of the natural world. It’s about reading the mountain’s story through its rocks, predicting its strengths and weaknesses, and choreographing your ascent with a keen sense of force, friction, and body mechanics.

The Rope: A Mountaineer’s Lifeline!

Now, let’s talk about the unsung hero of mountaineering – the rope. This isn’t just a piece of equipment; it’s your guardian against gravity’s pull. Each time a climber takes a tumble, the rope acts like a shock absorber, stretching just enough to soften the blow. It’s a perfect harmony of elasticity and strength, ensuring that the impact doesn’t jolt you too hard.

Fall Factor: The Science of Safe Falls

In the world of mountaineering, the ‘fall factor’ is a crucial number. It’s a calculation that measures the intensity of a fall, and the higher the number, the more energy the rope needs to soak up. This is where the science of modern rope-making shines, with ropes becoming thinner and lighter without compromising on safety.

The Optimal Rope Length: A Mathematical Puzzle!

Ever wondered if there’s a science to choosing the length of the climbing rope? Absolutely! Researchers have found that certain rope lengths can significantly speed up your climb. It’s all about finding that sweet spot – the optimal length that gets you up the mountain fastest. For the pros, longer ropes can actually cut down climbing time, as they’re more adept at managing the extra length.

Mountaineering and the Mind

Here’s a twist: mountaineering can be a double-edged sword for cognitive abilities. Surprising research shows that high-altitude climbing might put the brakes on certain cognitive functions, like memory and motor speed while leaving others like executive and verbal skills untouched. It’s a fascinating area that beckons further exploration to understand how scaling new heights affects our overall health.

So there you have it – a sneak peek into the exhilarating world of mountaineering, where every climb is a dance with physics, a test of endurance, and a journey into the unknown. Whether you’re a seasoned climber or a newbie, the mountains call to you with a promise of adventure and discovery. Let’s gear up and embrace the challenge!

Let’s continue our mountain adventure with some fascinating tidbits and extraordinary mountain features from around the globe!

World Record Wonders and Colourful Peaks

Did you know? 

New Zealand boasts the mountain with the world’s longest name. This title-holder, officially recognized by the Guinness World Records, is a bit of a tongue-twister: Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu. This 85-character name translates into a remarkable story: “the place where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, who slid, climbed, and swallowed mountains, known as ‘land eater,’ played his nose flute to his loved one.” 

How’s that for a mountainous tale?

Rainbow Mountain: A Hidden Gem of Peru

Rainbow Mountain in Peru, or Vinicunca, is a stunning geological masterpiece once concealed under snow and recently revealed due to climate change-induced snowmelt. But what gives this mountain its breathtaking hues?

Geological Canvas: This colourful wonder began with sedimentary rocks at the ocean’s bottom. Tectonic activities later lifted these layers, forming the Andes’ vibrant stripes.

Mineral Palette: Each stripe’s colour comes from various minerals, including rust-tinted iron oxide, green copper sulphate, lavender-blue cobalt oxide, and white feldspar, each playing with sunlight to create a rainbow effect.

Climate’s Artistry: The climate’s influence, particularly through erosion and temperature fluctuations, has further shaped and accentuated the mountain’s multicoloured facade.

Trekking the Rainbow

Embarking on the trek to Cerro Vinicunca is an adventure of about 3-4 hours. At over 15,000 feet, it’s a journey where altitude sickness can be a real concern, often remedied by the local tradition of chewing coca leaves. Don’t forget to pack warm clothes and maybe even an oxygen tank for those high altitudes!

Exploring the World’s Most Amazing Peaks

Ijen Volcano, Indonesia

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Ijen Volcano, Indonesia

Marvel at the unique blue flames at night, a result of sulphur-rich gases igniting upon contact with air.

Antarctic Peninsula

Experience the ‘midnight sun,’ a surreal phenomenon where the sun never sets during the summer solstice.

Valley of Flowers, Uttarakhand

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this valley transforms into a vibrant canvas of alpine flowers, surrounded by majestic wildlife and snow-capped peaks.

The Climatic Journey of Mount Kilimanjaro

Lastly, did you know that climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa is like traversing from the equator to the North Pole? This mountain features five distinct climate zones, ranging from lush rainforests to an arctic summit, each zone offering a unique environment to explore.

So, as we journey through these fascinating mountains, we not only encounter breathtaking views but also discover stories, science, and phenomena that make each peak uniquely captivating! 

As we celebrate the wonders and mysteries of mountains around the world, let’s also remember the significance of this year’s International Mountain Day on December 11th. The theme, “Restoring Mountain Ecosystems,” serves as a crucial reminder of our responsibility to protect and rejuvenate these majestic natural environments. As we admire their beauty and embrace the challenges they offer, let’s also commit to preserving their integrity for future generations of adventurers and nature lovers.

As we conclude our journey through the peaks and valleys of the world’s most fascinating mountains, remember that this adventure is just one of many. Stay tuned for more PARAM SCIENCE BLOGS for more science and fun. We’ll continue to explore the wonders of the world, blending scientific insights with the thrill of discovery. See you on our next adventure!

Reference:

  1. https://www.theguardian.com/science/life-and-physics/2012/jun/09/climbing-holidays-physics
  2. https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/2104.10965
  3. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/6/5101#:~:text=Background%3A%20Nowadays%2C%20with%20the%20convenience,before%20and%20after%20climbing
  4. https://adrianrupp.com/unveiling-the-mystery-of-rainbow-mountain-peru-exploring-the-science-behind-the-colors-complete-guide-with-stats-and-personal-experience/
  5. https://www.rainbowmountainperu.com/rainbow-mountain-trek/
  6. https://mystart.com/blog/8-amazing-facts-about-mountains/
  7. https://followalice.com/knowledge/mount-kilimanjaro-climate
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Blogs

Science of Cricket: A World Cup Special

As cricket fans around the world gear up for the India vs Australia World Cup Finals, the excitement in the cricket world keeps on growing. We all are fascinated by those bat swings from our favourite batsman hitting 6s and 4s and making another century, to that curved ball bowled by that fast bowler, but have you ever wondered how do they achieve such feats? 

Cricket, a sport revered by millions, is not just about athleticism and competition; it’s a fascinating fusion of physical prowess and scientific principles. Let’s embark on a journey to explore how science elevates the beautiful game of cricket, making the upcoming World Cup finals not just a sporting event but a spectacular showcase of science in action.

The Science of Bowling

The Whirl of Swing Bowling:

Imagine the cricket ball as an apple, one half polished and smooth, the other half roughened from being rolled on the ground. As the bowler launches this apple into the air, a subtle yet powerful interplay of air currents begins. 

The smooth half cuts through the air gracefully, maintaining a calm, uninterrupted flow. In contrast, the rough half disrupts this serenity, creating chaotic turbulence in the air around it. This difference in airflow on either side of the ball creates an invisible force, gently coaxing the ball to drift towards the rough side. The bowler, by angling the seam, adds an extra twist, making each delivery an unpredictable journey. 

This intricate interplay of aerodynamics and skill turns swing bowling into a captivating spectacle. The bowler’s leadership in manipulating these forces turns each delivery into a masterful display of science.

The Spin Bowling Twist:

When the bowler imparts spin to the ball, it behaves much like a spinning top cutting through the air. This spinning action creates a pressure difference around the ball due to the Magnus effect, which in simple terms, is when a spinning object in the air (like our cricket ball) pushes the air around it, creating a difference in pressure that ultimately changes the path of the object. This effect leads to the ball’s curved path in mid-air. 

But the real intrigue happens when the ball touches the pitch. Here, friction and the ball’s spinning motion interact with the surface, causing it to deviate unexpectedly, often in a direction opposite to its spin. This sudden change in direction can be perplexing for batsmen, making spin bowling a blend of science and strategic decision-making.

Sprinting & Fast Bowling:

While bowling, the bowler’s journey to the crease is a display of controlled power, akin to a sprinter accelerating towards the finish line. The ball, gripped firmly, becomes an extension of the bowler’s arm. At the climax of this approach, as the bowler takes their final leap and pivots at the crease, there’s a moment of pure physics in action. The energy from the bowler’s run, a blend of speed and strength, is seamlessly transferred to the ball. This transition of kinetic energy is what sends the ball hurtling toward the batsman at remarkable speeds.

Batting with Science:

As the ball races towards the batsman, a complex calculation unfolds in mere milliseconds. The batsman must gauge the ball’s speed, trajectory, and spin, synchronising their movements to meet the ball at the perfect moment. 

The point of impact is critical — it’s like hitting the sweet spot on a drum to produce the most resonant sound. Here, the bat acts as a lever, amplifying the force generated by the batter’s muscles. This force, coupled with the bat’s speed at the point of impact, determines the ball’s velocity post-hit. The batsman’s technique, honed through practice and experience, transforms into a scientific equation of timing and mechanics. The outcome, be it a powerful drive or a deft touch, not only reflects the batsman’s skill but also the underlying principles of motion and energy transfer in action.

Data-Driven Decisions

Cricket is a game not just of physical skill but of mental acumen, with the role of data analysis becoming increasingly pivotal. Behind the thrilling bat swings and the mesmerising spin of the ball lies a vast pool of data, diligently analysed by coaches and strategists. They sift through extensive statistics, from players’ performance under various conditions to the nuances of different pitches. By examining a batsman’s history against certain types of bowling or a bowler’s effectiveness in different phases of a match, they unlock patterns that might otherwise remain hidden. 

This meticulous analysis translates into well-informed decisions, shaping the way teams prepare and compete. The strategic use of data transforms cricket into a game of intelligence, where informed choices and keen insights play as significant a role as the physical prowess displayed on the field.

Tech Tools: Beyond the Naked Eye

Cricket’s evolution is not confined to the skills on the field; it also encompasses the realm of technological innovation. Hawk-Eye, a pivotal technological advancement, has transformed the way we view and understand the game. This sophisticated system tracks the ball’s trajectory from the bowler’s hand to its point beyond the batsman, using high-speed cameras and advanced algorithms. This technology isn’t just for show; it’s crucial in making accurate decisions, especially for LBW (Leg Before Wicket) calls. Hawk-Eye provides a three-dimensional representation of the ball’s path, offering insights that were once beyond human capability. 

Similarly, the Decision Review System (DRS) relies on such technologies to ensure fair play, bringing a level of precision and accountability to the game that was previously unattainable.

Pitch Conditions, Weather and Gameplay

The stage on which the game unfolds – the pitch – along with the weather, plays a critical role in the dynamics of cricket. A hard and dry pitch typically favours fast bowlers, lending extra speed and bounce to the ball, while softer, grassier pitches are conducive to swing bowlers, allowing for greater air movement and unpredictability. 

The day’s weather also impacts the gameplay to a large extent. Humidity can enhance swing bowling by causing the ball to swerve more, and wind can change its flight path, adding an element of unpredictability. Meanwhile, sunny conditions tend to make the pitch ideal for batting, offering consistent bounce and less lateral movement, whereas overcast skies often give bowlers an edge.

As the World Cup finals between India and Australia approach, this exploration into the science of cricket reveals the game’s depth and sophistication. From the physics of swing and spin bowling to the biomechanics of batting, the strategic use of data, and the impact of technology like Hawk-Eye and DRS, cricket is more than just a sport. It’s a dynamic blend of skill, science, and strategy. So, as you watch the next six soar into the stands or a bowler outwit a batsman, remember the intricate tapestry of science and skill at play. Enjoy the World Cup finals with this new perspective, appreciating every moment of the game for the remarkable feat of science and athleticism that it is.

 

Stay tuned for more fun through science at PARAM SCIENCE BLOGS!

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Blogs

Exploring the Mind’s Playground: Thought Experiments

Brace yourselves, fellow thinkers, for we’re about to tumble into the mesmerising world of thought experiments. In the realm of human cognition, the mind is a wondrous playground where ideas soar, theories form, and possibilities unfold. Within this landscape lies a peculiar and powerful tool: the thought experiment. Like mental laboratories, these experiments allow us to explore concepts, challenge assumptions, and navigate the terrain of philosophical and scientific inquiry. Let’s venture forth and explore some intriguing thought experiments.

Searle’s Chinese Room:

Imagine a person locked inside a room, devoid of any knowledge of the Chinese language, equipped only with intricate rules to generate responses in Chinese based on received characters. Chinese characters enter, and, following the intricate set of rules, the person crafts responses in Chinese that appear comprehensible to an outsider. 

The crux of the matter: does this process genuinely signify an understanding of Chinese, or is it merely a facade? This thought experiment, birthed by philosopher John Searle, sends us down the rabbit hole of philosophy concerning AI, sparking fiery debates about the true essence of understanding versus mere simulation. An AI capable of doing the same, does it literally understand Chinese or is it just simulating the ability to understand Chinese?

Last Thursdayism:

Imagine a reality where the universe burst into existence last Thursday, complete with fabricated histories and implanted memories in our minds. While seemingly bizarre, this thought experiment challenges the truthfulness of our memories and experiences. It prompts deep reflections on the nature of reality and the fragility of our perceptions. It doesn’t aim to challenge the existence of the universe but rather nudges us to contemplate the authenticity of our experiences and the reliability of our memories. Now riddle me this, fellow reader, was the universe created last Thursday or not? Can you prove it?

The Prisoner’s Dilemma:

Picture two partners in crime in separate solitary confinements facing a crucial choice: testify against the partner or don’t. If both opt for not testifying, they receive a year of jail time. Yet, if one betrays the other and testifies, the betrayer goes free while the betrayed faces three years of jail time. Should both testify against each other, they receive two years of jail time. 

Now, here’s the question, leave your partner in for three years while you go free or stay silent. But, what if they betray you and get themselves free but what happens if both of you betray each other, you’ll receive two years of jail time instead of one which would have happened if you both stayed silent but what if he betrays you and you face a three year jail time but … well, there’s the dilemma. What would you do?

Teleportation Paradox:

Imagine a scenario where you’re disassembled at one location, transmitted elsewhere, and then reassembled. However, the puzzle arises when contemplating whether the “you” at the receiving end is truly the original “you” or simply a copy. This head-spinning paradox thrusts us into a philosophical maelstrom, questioning the fundamental aspects of personal identity and continuity. It grapples with the perplexing query: what defines our individual identity? Is it the continuity of consciousness or the mere physical replication of our bodies? What truly makes us, us?

Paradox of Court:

This paradox, originating in Ancient Greece, follows the story of two people, Protagoras and Euathlus, Protagoras’ student who learned law from him. As spun by the Latin author Aulus Gellius, the story unfolds with the renowned sophist Protagoras taking on a budding pupil named Euathlus. Their pact? Euathlus pays Protagoras for his tutelage only after securing victory in his first court case. However, after learning under Protagoras, Euathlus veers off, preferring a foray into politics rather than law. Subsequently, Protagoras decides to sue Euathlus for the agreed-upon fee.

The crux of the paradox emerges as Protagoras asserts that if he wins, he shall receive his payment; if Euathlus triumphs, he should still pay as he would have won his first case. Yet, Euathlus counters, arguing that a victory would absolve him of payment, and if Protagoras wins, he remains free of obligation due to not having won a case. The conundrum hinges on which party stands in the right, leaving the jurors perplexed and the case indefinitely postponed. This thought experiment provokes us to question our logical structures and legal establishments. 

These are just a few of the mind-boggling thought experiments out there. Like a cosmic kaleidoscope, each experiment offers a unique and mesmerising perspective on our existence, challenging our assumptions and expanding our horizons. From the philosophical quandary of Searle’s Chinese Room to the existential riddle of Last Thursdayism, thought experiments invite us to ponder the big questions and explore the deepest recesses of our minds. They ignite our curiosity, spark our creativity, and inspire us to think critically about the world around us. So, let us embrace the challenge of these thought experiments, delve into their complexities, and allow their insights to transform our understanding of ourselves and the universe.


Who knows what mind-boggling discoveries are down the lines in this unbound world of thought experiments?

Sources:
https://iep.utm.edu/chinese-room-argument/

https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Last_Thursdayism

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletransportation_paradox

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_Court

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Blogs

Navigating India’s Future: Unveiling NavIC, the Indigenous GPS Revolution

In an era defining India’s technological sovereignty, a significant stride emerges: an autonomous GPS system, championed as the Navigation with Indian Constellation, or more conveniently, NavIC. This revolutionary system not only offers real-time positioning and timing services for India but also extends its reach up to 1500 km beyond our national borders.

Crafted by the brilliant minds at ISRO, NavIC, or The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, draws its name from the Hindi word ‘naavik,’ a beautiful translation for ‘sailor’ in English. With a fleet of 7 satellites and a network of ground stations operational around the clock, NavIC stands as a testament to Indian innovation and technological prowess. Three of these satellites are present in the geostationary orbit (Circular orbit with an inclination of 0 degrees. Satellites in this orbit appear to stay in the same place in the sky because they move around the Earth at the same speed that the Earth rotates.) and four in the inclined geosynchronous orbit (Circular orbit with an inclination of more than 0 degrees. Satellites in this orbit move around the Earth in a figure-eight pattern, but they still return to the same point on the Earth’s surface once per day.). Integral to these satellites are three rubidium clocks, the essential elements ensuring the system’s precise provision of location data.

NavIC offers two services, catering to both the everyday man with its Standard Position Service and offering a clandestine Restricted Service tailored for military and exclusive applications. Unlike the conventional single-frequency GPS systems, NavIC’s use of dual frequencies sets it apart, ensuring an impressive accuracy range of approximately 5-10 metres. More than just pinpointing locations, NavIC comes prepared with an inbuilt messaging feature, standing ready to dispatch urgent warnings to specific regions in times of crisis.

This system isn’t an isolated entity; it is designed for compatibility and collaboration with other global navigation systems. NavIC aligns seamlessly with navigation stalwarts such as Russia’s Glonass, the EU’s Galileo, China’s BeiDou, and the US Space Force’s GPS.
India’s journey from dependence on external aid for navigation to owning its own comprehensive and cutting-edge navigation system marks a significant milestone in its technological evolution.

Sources:
https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellites-are-in-the-sky-but-long-way-to-go-before-average-indians-get-desi-gps/articleshow/64506628.cms

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Unconventional Computing: The Future of Computers or Just Wacky Ideas?

Imagine a computer that could solve the most complex problems in seconds or even milliseconds. A computer that could break any encryption code, or design new drugs and materials. This is the promise of unconventional computing, a new field of research that is exploring new ways to build computers.

Computing, in its simplest form, involves processing and manipulating information. Traditional computers, as most people know them, rely on a binary system, using transistors and electrical circuits to perform calculations and store information. These computers process data through a series of on/off signals, known as bits (0s and 1s), and use logic gates to perform operations.

These logic gates are the building blocks of traditional computers. They combine the binary signals in specific ways to perform a wide array of functions, from simple arithmetic to complex simulations like astrophysical simulations and biological.

Unconventional computing, on the other hand, explores alternative methods and principles to perform computations. These approaches deviate from the standard transistor-based models and include various technologies that utilize different mediums or principles from physics and mathematics to process information.

Some of the popular unconventional computing technologies include:

Billiard Ball Computing:

Billiard ball computing uses billiard balls instead of electrons and wires to make up various boolean circuits. This computer is relatively simple and is often used for pedagogical purposes. The collision of balls where the paths intersect make up the logic gates and the absence or presence of a ball on the path is analogous to 0s and 1s of the computer.

Domino Computing:

Another mechanical computer that uses dominoes sequences of standing dominoes which act as digital signals when toppled. Other than the absence of the NOT gate, most other gates can be made using sequences of standing dominoes. This computing can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks, from simple arithmetic to more complex logic operations.

Optical Computing:

Optical Computers, an active research field aims to use photons or in simple words, light to perform computations. These computers can be used for data processing, data storage and data communication. However, a computer based solely on optical computing hasn’t seen the light of the day yet, but researchers are trying to replace parts of digital computers using optoelectronic components.

Quantum Computing:

One of the most well known unconventional computing methods out there, Quantum computers exploit the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations, ultra fast.

Just like our digital computer relies on bits, quantum computers rely on qubits for functioning. Qubits can exist in multiple states at once (unlike our bits) and to measure it we need to apply complex probabilistic methods. Quantum computers have the potential to be much faster than traditional computers and could revolutionise many fields, including medicine, materials science, and finance.

DNA Computing:

Why base all computing on physical objects and complex physics when we have biology? DNA computing uses DNA molecules to store and process information. DNA computing uses DNA, biochemistry and bio-engineered hardware to perform various calculations. DNA computers are very good at solving certain types of problems, such as parallel computing and optimization problems.

Chaos Computing:

Still a theoretical concept, Chaos computing utilises the inherent properties of a chaotic system to produce various logic gates and then uses them to produce circuits capable of performing computations. This is done by identifying patterns in non-linear and dynamic chaotic systems.

Coming up with alternative and wacky ideas for making computers might seem absurd at first but these computing systems help us put our understanding of other processes to the limits resulting in helping us make more application specific computers or coming up with faster and more efficient computers in general. Some benefits are:

  • DNA Computing due to its very minute size sees its potential in nanocomputing
  • Chaos computing has demonstrated that fault-tolerant computers specific to the finance and meteorology domains can be made.
  • Quantum Computing and Optical Computing both promise higher and faster speeds than the current computers. 

However, there are some drawbacks as well:

  • Unconventional computing is still in its early stages of development, and many of the technologies are not yet practical for real-world use.
  • Some unconventional computing technologies, such as quantum computing, could pose a threat to current digital security and encryption methods.
  • DNA computing has exacerbated the threat of biological warfare.

Unconventional computing is still in its early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionise the way we compute. Unconventional computers could be used to solve problems that are currently intractable for traditional computers, and they could lead to new and innovative applications.


Sources:

https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-computing-computers