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Imagine a computer that could solve the most complex problems in seconds or even milliseconds. A computer that could break any encryption code, or design new drugs and materials. This is the promise of unconventional computing, a new field of research that is exploring new ways to build computers.

Computing, in its simplest form, involves processing and manipulating information. Traditional computers, as most people know them, rely on a binary system, using transistors and electrical circuits to perform calculations and store information. These computers process data through a series of on/off signals, known as bits (0s and 1s), and use logic gates to perform operations.

These logic gates are the building blocks of traditional computers. They combine the binary signals in specific ways to perform a wide array of functions, from simple arithmetic to complex simulations like astrophysical simulations and biological.

Unconventional computing, on the other hand, explores alternative methods and principles to perform computations. These approaches deviate from the standard transistor-based models and include various technologies that utilize different mediums or principles from physics and mathematics to process information.

Some of the popular unconventional computing technologies include:

Billiard Ball Computing:

Billiard ball computing uses billiard balls instead of electrons and wires to make up various boolean circuits. This computer is relatively simple and is often used for pedagogical purposes. The collision of balls where the paths intersect make up the logic gates and the absence or presence of a ball on the path is analogous to 0s and 1s of the computer.

Domino Computing:

Another mechanical computer that uses dominoes sequences of standing dominoes which act as digital signals when toppled. Other than the absence of the NOT gate, most other gates can be made using sequences of standing dominoes. This computing can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks, from simple arithmetic to more complex logic operations.

Optical Computing:

Optical Computers, an active research field aims to use photons or in simple words, light to perform computations. These computers can be used for data processing, data storage and data communication. However, a computer based solely on optical computing hasn’t seen the light of the day yet, but researchers are trying to replace parts of digital computers using optoelectronic components.

Quantum Computing:

One of the most well known unconventional computing methods out there, Quantum computers exploit the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations, ultra fast.

Just like our digital computer relies on bits, quantum computers rely on qubits for functioning. Qubits can exist in multiple states at once (unlike our bits) and to measure it we need to apply complex probabilistic methods. Quantum computers have the potential to be much faster than traditional computers and could revolutionise many fields, including medicine, materials science, and finance.

DNA Computing:

Why base all computing on physical objects and complex physics when we have biology? DNA computing uses DNA molecules to store and process information. DNA computing uses DNA, biochemistry and bio-engineered hardware to perform various calculations. DNA computers are very good at solving certain types of problems, such as parallel computing and optimization problems.

Chaos Computing:

Still a theoretical concept, Chaos computing utilises the inherent properties of a chaotic system to produce various logic gates and then uses them to produce circuits capable of performing computations. This is done by identifying patterns in non-linear and dynamic chaotic systems.

Coming up with alternative and wacky ideas for making computers might seem absurd at first but these computing systems help us put our understanding of other processes to the limits resulting in helping us make more application specific computers or coming up with faster and more efficient computers in general. Some benefits are:

• DNA Computing due to its very minute size sees its potential in nanocomputing
• Chaos computing has demonstrated that fault-tolerant computers specific to the finance and meteorology domains can be made.
• Quantum Computing and Optical Computing both promise higher and faster speeds than the current computers. 

However, there are some drawbacks as well:

• Unconventional computing is still in its early stages of development, and many of the technologies are not yet practical for real-world use.
• Some unconventional computing technologies, such as quantum computing, could pose a threat to current digital security and encryption methods.
• DNA computing has exacerbated the threat of biological warfare.

Unconventional computing is still in its early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionise the way we compute. Unconventional computers could be used to solve problems that are currently intractable for traditional computers, and they could lead to new and innovative applications.

Sources:

https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-computing-computers

In the canvas of the night sky, fireworks dance with vibrant hues and whispered tales. Behind each brilliant burst lies a story of science and art entwined.

As you journey below, unveil the mysteries that paint the heavens with light.

Science and Fireworks?
What might be the science of these beautiful fireworks?

Fireworks from before B.C.?
You’re kidding me!

In ancient Liuyang, China, during the second century B.C., bamboo stalks thrown into flames became nature’s first firecrackers. 

Their loud pops, believed to chase away evil spirits, hint at the origins of today’s fireworks

“In the mystical era between 600-900 AD, tales whisper of a Chinese alchemist’s curious blend: potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal. This obsidian flaky concoction, known as the pioneering ‘gunpowder,’ found its vessel in bamboo’s hollow embrace, and later, in the confines of crafted paper tubes. Thus, the sky’s first man-made luminaries were born.

Oh, I’ve got this! Sulfur and charcoal are the fuels, and potassium nitrate? That’s the oxidizer!

Aha! Yet those firecrackers? They’re still dancing with that old smoky gunpowder!

In days gone by, gunpowder, crafted from sulphur, carbon, and potassium nitrate, cloaked the air in thick smoke.
But with the advent of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, the modern age introduced a clearer, less smoky successor.Even today, fireworks use that smoky old gunpowder. But the bright colors? That’s thanks to different metals mixed in, each giving its own special glow

Metals make the colours, not dyes? Wow, that’s a surprise!

Chemistry, The Painter!

Step into the night’s gallery, where chemistry wields its brush in bursts of sky-bound art. Each firework, a vivid bloom, owes its glow to a sprinkle of metal magic. Like artists choosing pigments, pyrotechnicians pick metals that burn with rich colours—iron for a shower of gold, aluminium for a bangs.

Now, let’s get up close and personal with these starry performers below:

Imagine each firework as a package, carefully wrapped and ready to surprise. Stefan Bossmann, a wizard of chemistry, tells us it’s all about what’s tucked inside. Picture a mix similar to the gunpowder of old—charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate. Then, imagine tiny pockets filled with metal bits, waiting for their cue. When the moment comes, they ignite, react with air, and—voilà!—heat makes them shine their colourful lights.

Think of it like heating up steel—it glows yellow when it’s hot, right? That’s what happens up there in the sky, but with a rainbow of colours.

Wondering how the show starts? 

It’s simple:

You light the fuse and watch the heat zip down to the firework’s belly, where a charge lifts it into the air. Once it’s high enough, a second fuse says ‘It’s showtime!’ and triggers the explosion. That’s when those little metal-laden stars inside burst open, painting the sky.

Each little pellet, or ‘star,’ has its own mix—some have metal salts for colours, and others have special chemicals for effects like twinkles and whistles. And the bangs and pops? Just a pinch of a different chemical.

So, as Diwali’s twinkling lights approach, our eyes are drawn to the sky, lit by the mesmerising dance of Diwali fireworks. It’s a dance of elements, choreographed by chemistry and the ingenious design of those who pack each spark with care. Every burst of light is a cosmos of particles, joining in a fleeting performance that draws gasps and cheers.

And while we revel in the spectacle, let’s not forget to handle those Diwali crackers with respect. Safety first, as we celebrate the festival of lights, enjoying the wonder of firework science and the fiery ballet of burning metals.

 

 For more fascinating journeys through the wonders of science, remember to stay tuned with Param Science Blogs—where fun and learning meet in a burst of knowledge!

References:

1. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/what-minerals-produce-colors-fireworks#:~:text=Barium%20produces%20bright%20greens%3B%20strontium,copper%20and%20strontium%20make%20lavender.
2. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120627154146.htm#:~:text=into%20tiny%20particles.-,When%20the%20firework%20explodes%2C%20the%20metal%20particles%20start%20oxidizing%2C%20which,the%20metals%20emit%20as%20colors.
3. https://www.ontariosciencecentre.ca/science-at-home/diy-science-fun/the-science-of-fireworks

Step into our culinary lab today, it’s your kitchen and let’s whip up not just a sandwich, but an understanding of the alchemy behind it. Don your chef’s hat and get ready to mix, knead, and learn. Each step in our bread-making journey unveils a piece of the science that makes our sandwiches not just food, but a feast for the curious mind.

The Architectural Art of Bread: Crafting the Pillar of Every Sandwich

As you select and slice your bread, reflect on the gluten that gives the dough its flexibility. The air pockets within, evidence of yeast’s handiwork, are all thanks to the fermentation process where yeast cells convert sugars into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Did you know that the golden crust of your bread owes its existence to the Maillard reaction, a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavour? This reaction, which occurs at around 140 to 165 °C (284 to 329 °F), is also responsible for the appetising aroma of freshly toasted bread.

Spreading the Charm: The Mayonnaise Mystery

As you lovingly lay down the freshly baked slices of bread, it’s time for a swipe of mayonnaise, that lusciously creamy condiment. Mayonnaise is much more than just a spread—it’s a culinary marvel of oil, egg yolks, and a dash of acid from lemon juice or vinegar, seasoned to perfection.
Dive into the science of mayonnaise, and you’ll discover it’s an emulsion where oil and water, typically sworn enemies, are coaxed to mingle. This union is made possible by the emulsifying agent in egg yolk, lecithin. A gradual drizzle of oil into your acid and yolk mixture whisked with enthusiasm, transforms into a velvety concoction. A hasty mix or a rush of oil can lead to a culinary collapse, but with patience, the mixture thickens, allowing for more rapid addition of oil and a sprinkle of seasonings to finish.

Cheese: The Nutrient Alchemist

Now comes the moment for cheese, the ancient biotechnologist of the culinary world. It transforms milk’s liquid nutrients into a solid, storied delight through coagulation—the magical separation of milk into curds and whey. Whey departs, while curds undergo a seasoning, shaping, and ageing metamorphosis, guided by select microorganisms that gift each cheese its unique taste and texture. The alchemy begins with ‘starter’ bacteria converting lactose to lactic acid, setting the stage for curds and warding off spoilage. Rennet brings its enzyme chymosin to the mix, ensuring a firm curd is set. Milk, in all its complexity, lends fat, lactose, proteins, and a suite of vitamins and minerals to the process, creating a treasure trove of taste and nutrition.

The Lettuce Layer

Gently lay the lettuce over your cheese, a verdant veil of nutrition. Lettuce comes in varieties from the round-headed to the loosely-leaved, from the crisp romaine to the stemmy celtuce, a staple in Chinese cuisine. Beyond its crunchy texture, lettuce brings a bounty of vitamin K for bones, a splash of hydration from its high water content, and a glimpse of vitamin A for the eyes. While research hints at sleep-promoting qualities, the certainty lies in its offering of A, C, and iron, albeit with variations across types.

Tomatoes: A Fruitful Twist

Tomato slices join the stack, these botanical fruits masquerading as culinary vegetables. The secret to their allure lies in the interplay of sugars and acids, along with a cast of volatile compounds that stir the senses. Modern research and historical palates agree good tomato balances sweetness with a bouquet of aroma. While refrigeration and premature picking can mute these notes, breeding for taste could revive the richness often lost in commercial varieties.

Closing with a Cut: The Shape of Taste

Finally, cap your creation with the remaining bread and face the timeless question: triangle or rectangle? Studies suggest that cut sandwiches taste better, with diagonal halves reigning supreme. It seems that flavour exposure, an artful appearance, and ease of handling crown the triangle as the king of sandwich geometry. But if neatness is your goal, the rectangle might just seal the deal. Choose your angle, make your cut, and savour the symphony of flavours you’ve assembled.

As we wrap up our foray into the science behind assembling the perfect sandwich in honour of World Sandwich Day, we’ve uncovered the rich layers of knowledge tucked between each ingredient. It’s a discovery that transforms a simple meal into an edible experiment, where every spread, slice, and choice reveals the wonders of our world through the lens of food.

Imagine every sandwich you encounter as not just a meal, but a marvel of culinary alchemy. From the emulsified elegance of mayonnaise to the complex culture of cheese, the refreshing crisp of lettuce, and the juicy burst of tomato flavour—all are evidence of nature’s laws at play in our everyday lives.

What might seem like a mere lunchtime choice—the decision between triangles or rectangles—turns out to be steeped in geometry, psychology, and even a touch of whimsy. It’s a culinary choreography where even the act of cutting can enhance the enjoyment of a meal, influencing the taste experience as definitively as the ingredients themselves.

Therefore, as you savour your next sandwich, consider the symphony of scientific wonders that make up each bite. Reflect on the ancestral knowledge, the innovative techniques, and the surprising psychology that turns bread, cheese, vegetables, and condiments into an extraordinary tapestry of taste. Let World Sandwich Day be a tribute not only to a global gastronomic favourite but also to the delicious complexities of science that are hidden in plain sight within the contours of our cuisine. Here’s to the delightful discoveries that await in the everyday! Enjoy your sandwich, and may each bite bring a new appreciation for the science that sustains and delights us in the most wonderfully unexpected ways.

Stay tuned for more science fun.

Reference: 

1. https://www.bakeinfo.co.nz/facts/bread/science-of-bread-making/
2. https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/food-facts/question617.htm
3. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/827-the-science-of-cheese#:~:text=Resource,the%20earliest%20examples%20of%20biotechnology.
4. https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-lettuce
5. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/delicious-tomato-chemistry/
6. https://bestlifeonline.com/cut-sandwiches-taste-better/

Every tick of the clock brings a tide of new information: our mood swings, relationships evolving, bank balances bouncing, and a myriad of other things that keep shifting.

Imagine someone asking you, “How are you?” or “Were you happy this year?” Such seemingly simple questions can feel impossible to answer with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’, especially when life’s dynamics change moment by moment.

Enter statistics, the unsung hero of understanding life’s complexities. But what exactly does this entail? Let’s break it down. As we celebrate World Statistics Day on October 20, let’s unravel how statistics weave together the scattered threads of our lives into a comprehensible tapestry.

Understanding Data and Statistics

Think about everything you know about yourself: your yearly expenses, the ebbs and flows of your bank balance, or those moments when joy bubbled up inside you. That’s data. Statistics, then, is the magic wand that turns this data chaos into meaningful patterns. By wielding the power of statistics, we can glimpse into potential futures based on these patterns. To make this more tangible, let’s delve into the personal journey of StatSam, a diary enthusiast.

On World Statistics Day, let’s peek into the life of StatSam and see how he used statistics to understand his year.

StatSam’s Annual Review: A Journey Through Data

Introducing StatSam, an individual who loves to maintain a journal. One fine day as the year 2023 had just started he wanted to know how his year 2022 was spent. He flipped through his old journal in which he had noted down every small detail if he laughed, felt sad, whether he drank anything daily all detailed.

Click on the arrow to flip through StatSam’s Journal

StatSam’s Journal Musings:

“Phew, 2022 was a rollercoaster! But diving into these charts made things clearer. Those Espressos really perked up many mornings. My sleep chart looks pretty balanced – no wonder I felt awake most days! The bubble chart about online friendships was enlightening. Instagram was buzzing, but maybe a tad too much? The mosaic on blue days? An eye-opener about work stress.

Piecing it all, this year was a blend of highs and lows. But the charts? They show more highs. Who’d have thought statistics could be this enlightening? There’s more to life than just ‘good’ or ‘bad’. And this year? I’d say it was pretty alright. Hoping next year’s charts paint an even brighter picture!”

Using this statistical lens, StatSam decoded his year, embraced its nuances, and prepared for what’s next. But the beauty of statistics doesn’t end in personal journals. Let’s explore how it influences the larger world around us.

Statistics Beyond The Journal: Real-world Applications

The insights from statistics aren’t just limited to journals. In fact, statistics encompasses a vast array of data forms, each unique in its own right. They shape predictions about what’s next. These predictions, grounded in past data, aren’t mere shots in the dark.

Weather Predictions: Weather doesn’t just happen; it’s crafted by numerous factors. By crunching data like humidity and evaporation rates, we can predict tomorrow’s sunshine or rain.

From the unpredictability of the skies to the intricacies of human behavior on the ground, statistics even find their way into the political arenas.

Political Strategies: Believe it or not, politicians use statistics too. They gauge voter demographics to tailor their campaigns, ensuring their messages resonate with local concerns.

After steering the course of political campaigns, statistics plays an even more vital role in public health. From campaign rallies to hospital halls, it aids in deciphering the patterns of disease outbreaks.

Disease Trend Analysis: Hospitals churn out heaps of data. By analysing how many people fall sick, the symptoms they show, and the treatments’ efficacy, we can trace a disease’s roots and strategize its containment. The coronavirus spread analysis is a case in point.

While these real-world applications showcase the practical power of statistics, the heart of this discipline lies in its ability to interpret diverse types of data. Delving deeper, let’s explore the varied and intricate facets of data that statistics brings to life.

The Multifaceted World of Data in Statistics

Statistics isn’t just about numbers on a spreadsheet; it embraces a rich tapestry of data forms, each with its own nuances:

• Numerical (Quantitative) Data: This deals with measurable quantities.

1. Discrete Data: These are specific, countable values. For instance, the number of students in a class or cars in a parking lot.
2. Continuous Data: These values can range within specific limits. Examples include a person’s height, weight, or temperature on any given day.
3. Categorical (Qualitative) Data: This is about non-numerical descriptions.

• Nominal Data: Here, there’s no inherent order. Think of colours like red, blue, and green or fruits such as apple, banana, and cherry.

1. Ordinal Data: These categories have a sequence, but the intervals between them aren’t consistent. Like ratings (low, medium, high) or educational levels (elementary, high school, university).
2. Binary Data: This is a subset of categorical data with just two possible outcomes. Common examples are yes/no, on/off, or male/female. 

• Textual Data: While not always a direct focus in traditional statistical methods, textual data, when analysed with techniques like natural language processing, can reveal patterns and insights. Reviews on a product, comments on a social media post, or feedback forms are reservoirs of such data. 

• Time Series Data: This chronicles observations over specific intervals. While they’re often numerical, they can be categorical too, such as weather conditions described as sunny, rainy, or cloudy. 

• Image Data: In cutting-edge applications, especially in fields like machine learning, images themselves become data. Algorithms can analyse patterns or features within these images. Whether it’s in medical imaging for disease diagnosis or facial recognition systems, image data is becoming increasingly crucial.

• Spatial Data: This data is all about the location and is often visualised using maps. It’s crucial in fields like urban planning, transportation, or environmental studies. It helps in understanding the distribution of phenomena in physical space, be it the occurrence of diseases, crime rate, or demographic distributions. 

• Multimedia Data: With the rise of digital media, data isn’t confined to texts or numbers anymore. Audio, video, animations, and other multimedia forms are significant sources of data. Analysing this data can help in various fields from entertainment to surveillance. 

• Transactional Data: Every time you make a purchase online, or swipe your card, or even check into a place, you create transactional data. This data is pivotal for sectors like e-commerce, banking, and marketing to understand consumer behaviour and trends.

Conclusion

Reflecting on our numerical journey—from StatSam’s personal insights to the vast applications of statistics—it becomes clear how deeply numbers are intertwined with our daily lives.

The realm of statistics is vast and incredibly diverse. It isn’t just a matter of crunching numbers but understanding the very fabric of reality, captured in myriad forms of data. From the tangible, countable things in our lives to the intangible, qualitative experiences, statistics offers tools to make sense of it all.

In our digital age, with an avalanche of information at our fingertips, the importance of statistics is ever-growing. It’s not just about analysing past events but predicting future ones, ensuring we’re better prepared and informed. As we’ve seen, whether it’s understanding our personal lives, as with StatSam, or decoding global trends and phenomena, statistics is the compass guiding us through the data maze.

So, next time you’re faced with a decision, remember that in this ocean of data, there’s likely a statistical tool or insight to guide you. Embrace statistics not just as a discipline of numbers but as a way to navigate our complex, ever-evolving world.

Reference:

1. https://studiousguy.com/statistics-examples/
2. https://www.datapine.com/blog/different-types-of-graphs-charts-examples/
3. Imaginary data for the plots from chatgpt.

When we think of food, our minds drift to the scrumptious tastes we adore—the irresistible aroma of hot chocolate, the deliciousness of pizza, and the sweetness of doughnuts. We also fondly recall those homemade meals, either from our pursuit of a healthy lifestyle or nostalgic memories of childhood.

But have you ever pondered the relationship between the water you drink and the food you eat? Ever considered how essential water is, not just for quenching thirst but for growing and cooking your favourite meals?

World Food Day Insights

Let’s spill the beans! Today is World Food Day, celebrated every year on October 16th. This day commemorates the establishment of the Food and Agriculture Organisation in 1945. The focus? Recognizing the organisation’s tireless efforts towards achieving zero hunger worldwide.

The 2023 theme for World Food Day is ‘Water is Life, Water is Food. Leave No One Behind.’ This theme underscores water’s crucial role in sustaining life and its intertwined relationship with our food sources.

Decoding the Water Footprint

You might be wondering, “What’s a water footprint?” Simply put, it’s the amount of water consumed during any process or activity. For food, it’s the volume of water needed from the farm to your table. Unsurprisingly, the more complex the food item, the larger its water footprint. For instance, animal products like meat and eggs gulp down vast amounts of water, leading them to have a higher water footprint. This unseen water consumption is often termed as “virtual waters.”

Let’s dive deeper:

• Blue Water Footprint: Refers to the surface and groundwater, primarily for crop irrigation.
• Green Water Footprint: The rainwater used. In terms of food, think of dry farming where crops rely solely on rain.
• Grey Water Footprint: The freshwater needed to neutralise pollutants, ensuring the water meets EPA quality standards. With food, think of runoff from farms or leached substances from the soil.

A Splash of Curiosity

Dive into our illustrative chart below, which showcases the water footprints of not just food items but also everyday non-food items. These figures offer a general perspective, influenced by factors like regional variations and farming methods.

To toggle between food and non-food items, simply click on the down arrow located at the top left corner of the chart

It’s a revelation to see how both our meals and daily products consume vast amounts of water. Recognizing this interplay can inspire more mindful choices in our daily lives. So, each time you indulge in a treat or use a household product, remember the hidden water costs behind them.

Shrinking Your Water Footprint!

Our dietary choices dominate our personal water footprints. Wasting food isn’t just a loss of a meal—it’s a squandering of all the resources, especially water, that went into producing it.

Plant-based diets, interestingly, are water savers. The Water Footprint Network found that these diets can slash water use by up to 55%. But there are exceptions, like the thirsty almond. With agriculture draining 70% of the world’s freshwater—most of it gulped by meat and dairy—it’s clear that our food choices matter. Embrace a diet that’s water-wise, choose local products, and curb food waste.

Furthermore, the data suggests non-food items can be thirstier than our meals. Rethinking how we use these items is another step towards water conservation.

Remember, conserving water isn’t just an environmental act—it’s a step towards ensuring no one goes hungry. This World Food Day, let’s pledge to be mindful of our water usage.

Craving more delicious details on food? Dive deep into our food-centric magazine by clicking below!

https://paramdigitalsolutions602896090.wpcomstaging.com/param-science-newsletter-february-2023/

References:

1. https://www.pw.live/exams/neet/world-food-day-2023/#:~:text=Food%20Day%202023%3F-,World%20Food%20Day%202023%20is,16th%2C%20coinciding%20with%20a%20Monday.
2. https://www.cag.org.in/newsletters/public-newsense/water-footprint-our-diet-and-ways-reduce-it

Every year, from October 4-10, we celebrate World Space Week. This global observance, declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 1999, recognises the contributions of science and technology in enhancing the human condition.

Why these specific dates? Well, they mark significant events in the history of space exploration:

October 4, 1957: The historic launch of Sputnik 1, the world’s first human-made satellite.

October 10, 1967: The signing of the Outer Space Treaty, which governs the activities of states in the peaceful exploration of space.

Sputnik 1: The Dawn of the Space Age

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union made history by launching Sputnik 1. With its four distinctive antennas, this spherical metal satellite transmitted radio signals back to Earth, capturing the imagination of millions worldwide. This pioneering event marked the beginning of the Space Age, leading to groundbreaking advances in space exploration and technology.

Ever wondered how Sputnik sounded? Here’s a chance: Listen to the beep of Sputnik 1. Back in the day, news reports mentioned that anyone with a shortwave receiver could tune in and hear this iconic ‘beep, beep’ as it orbited Earth.

The Outer Space Treaty: Safeguarding the Heavens

Initiated after the launch of Sputnik and amidst the space race, the Outer Space Treaty established the legal framework for international space activities. The treaty, which bans weapons of mass destruction in space and emphasises peaceful space exploration, had been signed by 114 parties and 22 signatories as of August 2023.

Space and Entrepreneurship: The New Frontier

This year’s World Space Week theme is “Space and Entrepreneurship.” It highlights the rapidly expanding commercial space sector and the potential for space-related startups. 

Let’s delve into the stories of two remarkable space entrepreneurs from India.

Pixxel: Crafting Tomorrow’s Satellites

Awais Ahmed‘s childhood was steeped in dreams of space. The television space shows he watched fueled his ambition to become an astronaut. While his career path took a different direction, his passion for space remained steadfast. Instead of traversing the vast cosmos himself, he now aims to send innovative satellites into its depths.

Together with Kshitij Khandelwal, he co-founded Pixxel. Their ambition led to the launch of “Anand”, their third hyperspectral satellite, in collaboration with ISRO. Awais likens their advanced satellite technology to “an MRI for the Earth,” detecting environmental variations invisible to human eyes. From agricultural insights to energy sector analytics, “Anand” is set to pave the way for six more such commercial satellites in the coming year.

Their success is evident not just in their technological advancements but also in their collaborations and financial milestones. 

Experience the brilliance of Pixxel’s hyperspectral images below.

https://youtu.be/PN7hD1DA9T0

Looking ahead, Pixxel’s vision is grand. With plans to launch 24 satellites by 2025, they aim to broaden their imaging capabilities, setting their sights on more extensive celestial exploration.

Did you know?

Pixxel launched its satellite TD-2 on Elon Musk’s SpaceX Transporter-4 mission on April 2, 2022. This satellite, part of Pixxel’s hyperspectral imaging constellation, aims to provide detailed data for sectors like agriculture and energy. With plans to launch 36 such satellites by 2023, Pixxel has secured significant funding: $25 million in a Series A round in 2022 and $36 million in a Series B round led by Google in June 2023.

Agnikul Cosmos: Trailblazing a New Era of Space Exploration

Srinath Ravichandran‘s affinity for the stars is deep-rooted. Surrounded by a family of physics educators and inspired by iconic PSLV and GSLV launches, his path seemed destined for the cosmos. Although his academic pursuits initially led him to electrical and financial engineering, the allure of aerospace never waned.

In 2017, his passion found its outlet: Agnikul Cosmos, an innovative spacetech startup incubated at IIT-Madras. Their vision was revolutionary – to democratise space access, making it as simple and cost-effective as earthly travel. They made a significant stride toward this in 2022 by inaugurating India’s first private space vehicle launch pad in Sriharikota.

Agnikul’s game-changing innovation, the Agnilet, stands out in the space tech industry. This fully 3D-printed, semi-cryogenic rocket engine, remarkable for its zero assembled parts, can be manufactured in a mere four days. It powers their premier launch vehicle, the Agnibaan, designed to be adaptable, carrying payloads up to 100kg to low Earth orbits.

Agnikul’s aspirations extend beyond just launches. They see various applications, from novel manufacturing processes to space-based entertainment and data storage. Their recent milestones, such as the successful test-fire of the Agnilet and collaboration with ISRO, are indicators of their forward momentum. Not to mention, attracting investment from stalwarts like Anand Mahindra, the chairman of the Mahindra Group, speaks volumes about their promising future.

 Listen to the Interview of the co-founder – 

https://youtu.be/qO4Rrs5Kh4k?feature=shared&t=4

Why the name Agnikul?

“”Agnikl” is inspired by the Sanskrit term “Gurukul”, suggesting “a place where people learn to use fire.” The Agnikul team, an eclectic mix of enthusiasts, engineers, and experts, embodies this spirit, striving to make space universally accessible.” States the Agnikul Website

 

In the vast realm of space exploration and technology, the narratives of Pixxel and Agnikul Cosmos epitomise the spirit of innovation and the boundless possibilities that lie ahead. Their achievements not only set new benchmarks in space tech but also inspire countless individuals worldwide to dream bigger and reach for the stars.

 As we celebrate World Space Week, it’s essential to recognise and laud the tireless efforts of these trailblazing entrepreneurs who are reshaping the contours of space science. Their dedication and foresight signal a promising future where space, once a distant dream for many, becomes accessible and familiar. As we look up at the night sky, let’s remember the luminous stories of these pioneers, reminding us of the limitless potential of human ingenuity.

Stay Tuned for more Science updates, fun, and more.

References:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1
2. https://www.worldspaceweek.org/about/
3. https://yourstory.com/2022/12/space-journey-how-this-small-startup-creating-history-pixxel
4. https://www.pixxel.space/blogs/hyperspectral-imagery-in-focus-pixxels-favourite-imagery-so-far
5. https://yourstory.com/2023/04/agnikul-ceo-srinath-ravichandran-on-revolutionising-space-travel
6. https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian-exclusive/agnikul-cosmos-iit-madras-incubated-startup/

 

The announcement of the Nobel Prize winners for the year 2023 has begun! The Nobel Prizes are regarded as the most prestigious awards for intellectual achievement.

Nobel Prizes are awarded annually from a fund established by the Swedish inventor and industrialist, Alfred Nobel.

In the will he drafted in 1895, Nobel instructed that most of his fortune be set aside as a fund for awarding five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.”

Nobel Prize Winners in the Field of Physiology/Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded to biochemist Katalin Karikó and immunologist Drew Weissman for their pioneering work on mRNA, which significantly contributed to the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.

RNA and mRNA – What Do These Mean?

DNA is widely known among people. DNA tests help trace biological relationships, making them popular among the general public. If you’re wondering, ‘What exactly does this DNA do?’ or ‘What are RNA and mRNA?’ read on.

Understanding DNA, RNA, and mRNA in Simple Terms:

As depicted in the above infographic, imagine the human body as the end product. DNA serves as the comprehensive instruction manual, whereas mRNA represents specific instruction pages for producing distinct proteins. rRNA functions as the assembly line in the protein factory, with tRNA acting as the factory robots delivering specific components based on mRNA’s instructions.

Collectively, RNA serves as a protein factory, utilising components (A, C, G, T) to yield proteins.

A primary distinction between DNA and RNA is that while DNA possesses a double-stranded helix structure, RNA is single-stranded.

mRNA and Vaccines

Curious about how individual instruction pages (mRNA) that produce proteins are repurposed as vaccines to combat diseases?

mRNA was first identified in 1960. Early experiments involved introducing mRNA into cells, directing them to produce specific proteins. This was achieved using lipids in the form of liposomes.

Picture liposomes as miniature protective bubble wraps that safely transport mRNA. Upon reaching their destination, they fuse with cell walls, releasing the mRNA into cells. It’s analogous to a mail carrier delivering a package to a residence!

In 1987, Robert Malone undertook an experiment mixing mRNA strands with fatty droplets, culminating in a unique molecular concoction. Human cells immersed in this genetic mixture absorbed the mRNA, subsequently generating proteins from it. He later envisioned mRNA functioning as a therapeutic agent. That same year, he introduced the fat-combined mRNA into frogs, observing its absorption by frog embryos.

The infographic above provides a concise timeline of pivotal milestones in mRNA research. It showcases the crucial moments that have shaped our understanding and application of mRNA in medicine. Each entry emphasises a key event, offering readers a snapshot of the progress made over the decades and highlighting the potential of mRNA therapies.

mRNA and Cancer

mRNA vaccines sparked interest as potential cancer therapeutics.

David Curiel explored this avenue, witnessing encouraging outcomes in mice but encountering scepticism concerning its financial viability. Eli Gilboa devised a method wherein immune cells were harvested, infused with synthetic mRNA targeting tumour proteins, and reinserted into the body. This breakthrough led to the inception of Merix Bioscience (now CoImmune) and ensuing human trials. However, a pivotal vaccine encountered challenges in subsequent tests.

Nobel Laureates in Action:

During his tenure at the University of Tübingen, Hoerr achieved a significant milestone in 2000 by eliciting a response from mice to direct mRNA injections. This prompted the foundation of CureVac. Despite initial scepticism and occasional outright dismissal of his work, financial support gradually emerged. The firm was keen to initiate testing. Steve Pascolo, a leading scientist there, even self-administered the mRNA. Shortly after, they embarked on formal trials for prospective skin cancer treatments.

Concurrently, Karikó and Weissman, the brains behind another initiative, devised a method to modify the mRNA, enabling it to bypass the body’s natural defences.

 

The accompanying infographic delves into the groundbreaking contributions of Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, Nobel laureates in the realm of mRNA. Their journey, mapped step-by-step, underscores their tenacity, innovations, and the significant obstacles they overcame. By spotlighting their pivotal discoveries and endeavours, this visual narrative celebrates the duo’s monumental role in advancing mRNA science and its applications in vaccine development.

Discoveries Facilitating COVID Vaccines:

Such preliminary trials paved the way for two revolutionary developments: the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, now administered to countless individuals worldwide. In 2021, sales of these vaccines are projected to exceed $50 billion.

Here’s the mechanism of action for these vaccines: Both Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech’s formulations provide the body with instructions via mRNA. This guidance instructs our cells to synthesise something resembling a segment of the COVID-19 virus, referred to as the spike protein. Recognizing this, our body produces defenders (antibodies) against this component, bolstering our overall immune response.

Cornell PhD Candidate Explains How Coronavirus mRNA Vaccines Work

However, past endeavours hit a snag. When scientists attempted to utilise mRNA in this manner, the body would promptly eliminate it. Then, in the mid-2000s, Karikó and Weissman, stationed at UPenn, had an ingenious realisation. They made a minor modification to the mRNA structure, reducing the likelihood of cellular aggression towards it.

To simplify, vaccine expert John Tregoning articulated that this adjustment amplified the vaccine’s efficacy. It was akin to deriving enhanced benefits from a minimised input.

Applauding Their Achievements

Their groundbreaking discovery played an instrumental role in formulating the COVID-19 vaccine, which has saved innumerable lives globally. We commend and congratulate them on securing the esteemed Nobel Prize.

 

Stay connected for more updates on science, entertainment, and more!

References:

 

1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
2. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w
3. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03046-x

 

The brain sure is a tricky part of our body, often playing games with what we think we see or hear! Sometimes, what we perceive and what’s actually there can be quite different – we call these moments “illusions”. Illusions aren’t just limited to what we see, like optical illusions, but also what we hear, called auditory illusions. And there are so many different types of optical illusions, categorising them can get pretty tricky, especially since we don’t always understand why they happen.

But these illusions are not just mind-benders; they serve a greater purpose. Did you know they can actually be helpful in understanding how our minds work and even in diagnosing psychological conditions? Sometimes, the tricks our brains play are actually signs that everything is working just right!

Hollow-Face mask

The hollow-face illusion was first shared with the public by Richard Gregory in 1973. It’s a great example of how our brains can see things in a surprising way!

 

Gif: rotating hollow face mask
Gif credits: cracked.tumblr.com

What exactly are the hollow face mask illusions?

Imagine you are looking at a mask. It’s hollow, but your eyes and brain trick you into seeing it as a forward-facing face – this is called the hollow-face illusion. Scientists have been curious about why our brains do this, even when we know the mask is hollow, and how this illusion affects the way we interact with the world.

Some researchers found that when people are asked to judge distances on such illusory faces, they still act as if the face is pointing outwards, though the illusion is not as strong due to some depth clues our eyes provide.

Image: position of observation and what our brain sees
Image credits: brainfacts.org

Schizophrenia and hollow face mask illusion

Researchers were curious about why people with schizophrenia—a condition that can cause hallucinations and a disconnection from reality—weren’t tricked by this illusion. So, they conducted a study with people who have schizophrenia and people who don’t, using a special scanner to see how their brains were working while they looked at these tricky masks.

What they found was pretty interesting! In people without schizophrenia, the brain made stronger connections between the area that processes what we see and the area that deals with expectations, making them see a regular face instead of a hollow one. However, in people with schizophrenia, this didn’t happen, so they saw the mask as it really was—hollow!

 

A fun fact: it’s not just people with schizophrenia who can see through this illusion. People who are drunk or have taken certain drugs can also “beat” the illusion, seeing the hollow face correctly! The scientists think this might be because, like in schizophrenia, there’s a disconnect between what the brain expects to see and what the eyes are actually looking at.

 

After exploring the mysteries of the Hollow-Face illusion, let’s delve into another fascinating phenomenon – the Rubber Hand Illusion.

Rubber hand illusion (RHI)

Ehrsson, Spence, and Passingham (2004) did studies on the “rubber hand illusion”, originally reported by Botvinick and Cohen in 1998. 

Gif: Person perceiving the rubber hand as his own!
Gif credits: tumblr.forgifs.com

What is the rubber hand illusion?

Imagine you’re watching a rubber hand being stroked at the same time as your own hidden hand. This experiment is called the Rubber Hand Illusion. It’s this quirky trick where you might start feeling like the rubber hand is actually your own! This happens especially when both hands are being stroked at the same time.

Scientists call the feeling of the rubber hand being yours a “feeling of ownership”, and they’ve noticed that if the stroking isn’t in sync, people don’t really feel like the rubber hand is theirs. They’ve also found out that people’s sense of where their real hand is can shift towards the rubber hand – this is called “proprioceptive drift”.

Let’s explore how our brain plays tricks here!

So, why does this happen? Researchers think it’s a mix of what you see, what you feel, and your awareness of where your body parts are. When these things match up, your brain gets convinced that the rubber hand is part of your body!

Now, these smart scientists did more experiments to understand this better. They looked at how people’s sense of hand location changed over time, and they found some pretty interesting stuff. Even if the stroking wasn’t in sync, people still experienced a shift in where they felt their real hand was! But, this shift was smaller compared to when the stroking was in sync.

Here’s the kicker, they realised that this shifting feeling and the feeling of ownership might be happening because of different brain processes. It seems like when the stroking is in sync for a long time, people feel the shift more, but this shift can still happen without any stroking. But, if the stroking isn’t in sync for a long time, it messes with how our brain matches up what we see and feel, so we are less tricked by the illusion!

Understanding the workings of this illusion is not just intellectually stimulating; it has significant practical implications, particularly in the field of rehabilitation.

RHI is a rehabilitation tool!

Scientists have been super curious about this. They’ve mostly been looking at what’s going on in the brain when this happens and how they can make someone experience this illusion. But here’s where it gets even more interesting – this rubber hand trick has practical applications. It could actually help people who have lost a limb feel like a prosthetic limb is really part of their body!

Plus, by using special equipment like cortical electrodes (think of them as little gadgets that help us peek into the brain), researchers could learn even more about how our brains make us feel ownership of our body parts. This means the Rubber Hand Illusion isn’t just a neat party trick – it could be a game-changer in helping people recover and feel whole again, and that’s big news for doctors and folks working in rehabilitation!

While this illusion is widespread, there are some exceptions. Here’s an interesting observation!

 

Fun fact! Here’s an intriguing tidbit for you! Not everyone falls for the Rubber Hand Illusion, especially dancers and musicians. They seem to have a knack for it! Dr. Ehrsson theorises that individuals in these professions possess an exceptional ability to accurately locate their limbs without needing to see them.

These are just a few of how the illusions are not just fun but also a tool to understand how our brains work. The illusions find their place not just in fun, and health but also in magic shows, art, architecture, etc. We hope you found this exploration of illusions both enlightening and enjoyable.

 

Stay tuned for more science, fun, and facts!

Reference:

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433454/#:~:text=Although%20there%20are%20many%2C%20sometimes,1%5D%E2%80%93%5B3%5D.
2. https://www.wired.com/2009/04/schizoillusion/
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125296/
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22000838/
5. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/01/study-finds-that-the-popular-rubber-hand-illusion-could-be-used-to-treat-ocd/#:~:text=But%20not%20everybody%20is%20susceptible,localize%20their%20limbs%20without%20sight.%22